Abstract

The shift toward sustainable agriculture requires innovative technologies that increase productivity while decreasing environmental impacts. Polymeric nanomaterials, especially chitosan-based nanoparticles, offer multifunctional platforms for cleaner farming by enabling targeted delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release of active compounds. This review aims to provide an integrated perspective on how polymeric nanosystems can support more sustainable, eco-friendly farming practices, focusing on the structural and functional properties of chitosan nanoparticles and their role in boosting plant resilience to abiotic stress. Particular attention is given to nitric oxide (NO)-releasing nanosystems, which have shown potential to modulate plant physiological responses, improve water use efficiency, regulate oxidative stress, and enhance crop performance under drought and salinity conditions. Incorporating these nanoformulations into agricultural systems aligns with cleaner production principles, promoting eco-efficiency, circular practices, and reducing reliance on agrochemicals. We consider present challenges and future possibilities for safely using these technologies.