Abstract

Highlights What is the main findings? Mindfulness-based interventions show moderate clinical efficacy, with outcomes highly dependent on their specific components (meditation, psychoeducation, and informal practice). Future research must conduct rigorous head-to-head and longitudinal studies comparing mindfulness-based interventions with other active treatments, to clarify which elements sustain long-term clinical outcomes and to avoid overstated claims. What are the implication of the main findings? Clinical application of mindfulness should be guided by insights from component analyses, rather than by the assumption that meditation alone constitutes the primary therapeutic mechanism. Future research must conduct comparative and longitudinal studies to clarify which elements sustain long-term clinical outcomes and to avoid overstated claims.Highlights What is the main findings? Mindfulness-based interventions show moderate clinical efficacy, with outcomes highly dependent on their specific components (meditation, psychoeducation, and informal practice). Future research must conduct rigorous head-to-head and longitudinal studies comparing mindfulness-based interventions with other active treatments, to clarify which elements sustain long-term clinical outcomes and to avoid overstated claims. What are the implication of the main findings? Clinical application of mindfulness should be guided by insights from component analyses, rather than by the assumption that meditation alone constitutes the primary therapeutic mechanism. Future research must conduct comparative and longitudinal studies to clarify which elements sustain long-term clinical outcomes and to avoid overstated claims.Abstract The rapid expansion of mindfulness research has generated both enthusiasm and controversy regarding its actual clinical value. While meditation is often regarded as the central mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions, other components such as psychoeducation and informal practice may play an equally significant role in improving mental health outcomes. This critical review examines the relative contributions of these elements to the therapeutic impact of mindfulness and clarifies the extent to which its effects are comparable to established treatments, particularly Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Evidence from meta-analyses and high-quality trials indicates that mindfulness programs achieve moderate efficacy in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, but effect sizes are frequently inflated by methodological limitations. Importantly, cognitive and emotional regulation skills, especially acceptance and non-judgment, appear to sustain long-term benefits more consistently than meditation alone. These findings highlight the need for rigorous longitudinal studies and component-focused designs to identify the mechanisms that drive clinical change. By distinguishing between evidence-based applications and overstated claims, this review contributes to a more balanced understanding of mindfulness and its appropriate integration into healthcare.