Abstract

This chapter explores bifacial PV modules, which boost energy yield by absorbing sunlight on both sides. A key design goal is maximizing rear-side light capture and uniformity through strategic choices regarding, for example, frameless glass/glass structures that minimize shading and soiling while enhancing potential-induced degradation (PID) resistance. The chapter addresses challenges like optimizing junction box placement and managing higher currents using advanced interconnection designs like multi-busbar and half-cut cells. It examines optical configurations, emphasizing transparent rear covers for albedo capture, reflective coatings, and white backsheets. A core focus is cell-to-module loss analysis, targeting optical, ohmic, and mismatch losses. Accurate I-V characterization with specialized techniques is vital, quantifying bifacial gains via Isc, Voc, and Pmax coefficients. Defect identification utilizes electroluminescence and thermography. Long-term reliability hinges on material selection (glass and encapsulants) for UV and thermal stress resistance, as well as robust junction boxes. Evolving IEC standards increasingly address bifacial-specific safety and performance requirements.