Abstract

The rational integration of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with distinct structural dimensionalities offers a powerful strategy for constructing advanced hybrid architectures with enhanced physiochemical properties. In this work, a new-class of hetero structured electrode platform composed of a three-dimensional (3D) CoNi-based bimetallic MOF were grown in-situ on one-dimensional (1D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanorod via facile coprecipitation method for detection of pharmaceutically important analgesic and antipyretic drug namely paracetamol. The structural, phase purity and composition of CoNi-MOF@g-C3N4 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Furthermore, CoNi-MOF@g-C3N4 modified SPE exhibited higher current response with strong redox peak for paracetamol in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.2) when compared with CoNi-MOF and g-C3N4, with anodic and cathodic peak potentials at +0.25 V and - 0.10 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively. At fixed potential of +0.60 V, CoNi-MOF@g-C3N4 achieved a wide linear range (0.0019 to 1.05 mM), high sensitivity (1.41 mu A mu M- 1 cm- 2), and low detection limit (0.73 mu M). The enhanced analytical performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Co2+/Ni2+ bimetallic active sites and the nitrogen-rich g-C3N4 framework, which collectively facilitate rapid electron transfer, increased electrochemically active surface area, and efficient adsorption of paracetamol molecules. Therefore, CoNi-MOF@g-C3N4 demonstrated good selectivity, repeatability, and operational stability, highlighting the broader applicability of this hybrid design of advanced electrode platform for human health and early medical diagnostics.