Abstract

This paper presents an active Visible Light Communication (VLC)-based three-dimensional localization system optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for accurate indoor positioning. The system employs three optical transmitters, each consisting of a single light-emitting diode (LED), and localizes a mobile target carrying a receiver equipped with three photodiodes (PDs). The study evaluates the impact of the PSO parameters, namely the cognitive factor (c(1)), the social factor (c(2)), and the inertia weight (w), on localization accuracy. The best overall parameter combination was c(1) = 1.9, c(2) = 2.1, and w = 0.8. Furthermore, the numbers of particles and iterations were analyzed to balance accuracy and computational efficiency, with 700 to 1100 particles and approximately 40 iterations yielding the best results. The proposed system eliminates the need for continuous modulated data transmission, thereby enhancing robustness, energy efficiency, and adaptability in various indoor environments.