Abstract

A pollen record from the Huelmo site (ca. 41°30'S) shows that vegetation and climate changed at millennial time-scales during the last glacial to Holocene transition in the mid-latitude region of western South America. The record shows that a Nothofagus parkland dominated the landscape between 16 400 and 14 600 14Cyr BP, along with Magellanic Moorland and cupressaceous conifers. Evergreen North Patagonian rainforest taxa expanded in pulses at 14 200 and 13 000 14Cyr BP, following a prominent rise in Nothofagus at 14 600 14Cyr BP. Highly diverse, closed canopy rainforests dominated the lowlands between 13 000 and 12 500 14Cyr BP, followed by the expansion of cold-resistant podocarps and Nothofagus at ca. 12 500 and 11 500 14Cyr BP. Local disturbance by fire favoured the expansion of shade-intolerant opportunistic taxa between 10 900 and 10 200 14Cyr BP. Subsequent warming pulses at 10 200 and 9100 14Cyr BP led to the expansion of thermophilous, summer-drought resistant Valdivian rainforest trees until 6900 14Cyr BP. Our results suggest that cold and hyperhumid conditions characterised the final phase of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), between 16 400 and 14 600 14Cyr BP. The last ice age Termination commenced with a prominent warming event that led to a rapid expansion of North Patagonian trees and the abrupt withdrawal of Andean ice lobes from their LGM position at ca. 147 000 14Cyr BP. Hyperhumid conditions prevailed between 16 400 and 13 000 14Cyr BP, what we term the 'extreme glacial mode' of westerly activity. This condition was brought about by a northward shift and/or intensification of the southern westerlies. The warmest/driest conditions of the last glacial-interglacial transition occurred between 9100 and 6900 14Cyr BP. During this period, the westerlies shifted to an 'extreme interglacial mode' of activity, via a poleward migration of stormtracks. Our results indicate that a highly variable climatic interval lasting 5500 14C years separate the opposite extremes of vegetation and climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, i.e. the end of the LGM and the onset of the early Holocene warm and dry period. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.