Abstract

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1 rho mapping can be used to detect ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy without the need of exogenous contrast agents. Current 2D myocardial T1 rho mapping requires multiple breath-holds and provides limited coverage. Respiratory gating by diaphragmatic navigation has recently been exploited to enable free-breathing 3D T1 rho mapping, which, however, has low acquisition efficiency and may result in unpredictable and long scan times. This study aims to develop a fast respiratory motion-compensated 3D whole-heart myocardial T1 rho mapping technique with high spatial resolution and predictable scan time. Methods The proposed electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered T1 rho mapping sequence is performed under free-breathing using an undersampled variable-density 3D Cartesian sampling with spiral-like order. Preparation pulses with different T1 rho spin-lock times are employed to acquire multiple T1 rho-weighted images. A saturation prepulse is played at the start of each heartbeat to reset the magnetization before T1 rho preparation. Image navigators are employed to enable beat-to-beat 2D translational respiratory motion correction of the heart for each T1 rho-weighted dataset, after which, 3D translational registration is performed to align all T1 rho-weighted volumes. Undersampled reconstruction is performed using a multi-contrast 3D patch-based low-rank algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed technique was tested in phantoms and in vivo in 11 healthy subjects in comparison with 2D T1 rho mapping. The feasibility of the proposed technique was further investigated in 3 patients with suspected cardiovascular disease. Breath-hold late-gadolinium enhanced (LGE) images were acquired in patients as reference for scar detection. Results Phantoms results revealed that the proposed technique provided accurate T1 rho values over a wide range of simulated heart rates in comparison to a 2D T1 rho mapping reference. Homogeneous 3D T1 rho maps were obtained for healthy subjects, with septal T1 rho of 58.0 +/- 4.1 ms which was comparable to 2D breath-hold measurements (57.6 +/- 4.7 ms, P = 0.83). Myocardial scar was detected in 1 of the 3 patients, and increased T1 rho values (87.4 +/- 5.7 ms) were observed in the infarcted region. Conclusions An accelerated free-breathing 3D whole-heart T1 rho mapping technique was developed with high respiratory scan efficiency and near-isotropic spatial resolution (1.7 x 1.7 x 2 mm(3)) in a clinically feasible scan time of similar to 6 mins. Preliminary patient results suggest that the proposed technique may find applications in non-contrast myocardial tissue characterization.