T regulatory cells-derived extracellular vesicles and their contribution to the generation of immune tolerance

Rojas, Carolina; Campos-Mora, Mauricio; Carcamo, Ignacio; Villalon, Natalia; Elhusseiny, Ahmed; Contreras-Kallens, Pamina; Refisch, Aaron; Galvez-Jiron, Felipe; Emparan, Ivana; Montoya-Riveros, Andro; Vernal, Rolando; Pino-Lagos, Karina

Abstract

T regulatory (Treg) cells have a major role in the maintenance of immune tolerance against self and foreign antigens through the control of harmful inflammation. Treg cells exert immunosuppressive function by several mechanisms, which can be distinguished as contact dependent or independent. Recently, the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by Treg cells has been reported as a novel suppressive mechanism capable of modulating immunity in a cell-contact independent and targeted manner, which has been identified in different pathologic scenarios. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures involved in physiologic and pathologic processes through protein, lipid, and genetic material exchange, which allow intercellular communication. In this review, we revise and discuss current knowledge on Treg cells-mediated immune tolerance giving special attention to the production and release of EVs. Multiple studies support that Treg cells-derived EVs represent a refined intercellular exchange device with the capacity of modulating immune responses, thus creating a tolerogenic microenvironment in a cell-free manner. The mechanisms proposed encompass miRNAs-induced gene silencing, the action of surface proteins and the transmission of enzymes. These observations gain relevance by the fact that Treg cells are susceptible to converting into effector T cells after exposition to inflammatory environments. Yet, in contrast to their cells of origin, EVs are unlikely to be modified under inflammatory conditions, highlighting the advantage of their use. Moreover, we speculate in the possibility that Treg cells may contribute to infectious tolerance via vesicle secretion, intervening with CD4(+)T cells differentiation and/or stability.

Más información

Título según WOS: ID WOS:000539778600001 Not found in local WOS DB
Título de la Revista: JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY
Editorial: OXFORD UNIV PRESS
Fecha de publicación: 2020
DOI:

10.1002/JLB.3MR0420-533RR

Notas: ISI