Abstract

A variety of desired biological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-cancer activity have been attributed to polyphenols, such as procyanidins (Proc). The successful development of functional ingredients/products using polyphenols is limited by poor solubility, high instability, low bioavailability, and undesirable organoleptic properties. The avocado peel is a promising source of Proc. Here we report the development, characterization, and evaluation of a nanoemulsion loaded with a procyanidin-rich extract (Proc-Nem) produced from avocado peels. The method for producing the nanoemulsion was environmentally friendly and used safe ingredients. The process produced spheroidal particles of ≈160 nm, with low polydispersity (PDI ≤ 0.1), negative zeta potential (≈−50 mV), high encapsulation efficiency of procyanidins (≈97%) and with a high concentration of nanostructures (≈4.7 × 1012 particles/mL). Proc-Nem was stable in salt up to 120 mM, various pHs (2-10), temperatures up to 50 °C and in prolonged storage (90 days). Interestingly, Proc-Nem can be converted to a reconstitutable dry powder. Cellular assays demonstrate that Proc-Nem is a safe ingredient in non-cancerous human cells (HEK293) and shows preferential cytotoxicity in cancer cells (melanoma B16F10 cells). In addition, the nanoformulation prevented cell migration of melanoma cells suggesting an antimetastatic effect. Due to the simplicity, safety, and efficacy of Proc-Nem, we envisage this ingredient as a valuable alternative for food enrichment.