Abstract

We study several trace operators and spaces that are related to the bi-Laplacian. They are motivated by the development of ultraweak formulations for the bi-Laplace equation with homogeneous Dirichlet condition, but are also relevant to describe conformity of mixed approximations. Our aim is to have well-posed (ultraweak) formulations that assume low regularity under the condition of an L2 right-hand side function. We pursue two ways of defining traces and corresponding integration-by-parts formulas. In one case one obtains a nonclosed space. This can be fixed by switching to the Kirchhoff–Love traces from Führer et al. (2019, An ultraweak formulation of the Kirchhoff–Love plate bending model and DPG approximation. Math. Comp., 88, 1587–1619). Using different combinations of trace operators we obtain two well-posed formulations. For both of them we report on numerical experiments with the discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin method and optimal test functions. In this paper we consider two and three space dimensions. However, with the exception of a given counterexample in an appendix (related to the nonclosedness of a trace space) our analysis applies to any space dimension larger than or equal to two.