Abstract

Purpose: To assess the effects of transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods: We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases up to May 2021, with no language or publication status restrictions. We included parallel-group randomized controlled trials of participants with BPH who underwent TUMT. We used standard Cochrane methods, including a GRADE assessment of the certainty of the evidence (CoE). Results: In this update of a previous Cochrane review, we included 16 trials with 1,919 participants. TUMT probably results in little to no difference in urologic symptom scores at short-term follow-up compared to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). There is likely to be little to no difference in the quality of life. TUMT likely results in fewer major adverse events. TUMT, however, probably results in a large increase in the need for retreatment. There may be little to no difference in erectile function between these interventions. However, TUMT may result in fewer cases of ejaculatory dysfunction compared to TURP. The overall CoE was moderate to low. Conclusions: TUMT provides a similar reduction in urinary symptoms compared to TURP, with fewer major adverse events and fewer cases of ejaculatory dysfunction at short-term follow-up. However, TUMT probably results in a large increase in retreatment rates. Study limitations and imprecision reduced the confidence we can place in these results.