Abstract

Meso- and extremophilic microalgae and cyanobacteria have a wide range of biotechnological applications. However, the industrial demand for bioactive molecules and the redundancy of these molecules has resulted in a need for new methodologies for enhanced production and the discovery of specialized metabolites. Co-cultivation has been established as a promising approach to addressing these challenges. In this context, this work aimed to describe the state of the art of the co-cultivation method involving meso- and extremophilic photosynthetic microorganisms, as well as discuss the advantages, challenges, and limitations of this approach. Co-culture is defined as an ecology-driven method in which various symbiotic interactions involving cyanobacteria and microalgae can be used to explore new compounds and enhanced production. Promising results regarding new bioactive metabolite expression and increased production through co-cultivation-based research support that idea. Also, the metabolic diversity and evolutionary adaptations of photosynthetic microorganisms to thrive in extreme environments could improve the efficiency of co-cultivation by allowing the implementation of these microorganisms. However, the complexity of ecological interactions and lack of standardization for co-cultivation protocols are obstacles to its success and scientific validation. Further research in symbiotic interplays using -omics and genetic engineering, and predictive experimental designs for co-cultures are needed to overcome these limitations.