Abstract

To address the need for practical models in simulating channel propagation behavior at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands, this research focuses on characterizing path loss in a hot-spot scenario, specifically a stadium, by using data from two promising mmWave frequencies into a unified model. Propagation measurements were conducted at 28 and 60 GHz in the open 8089 m(2) seating area of a stadium in Vina del Mar, Chile, providing valuable large-scale path loss data relevant for designing 5G ultra-dense wireless networks. Through the analysis of more than 2 million high-resolution angular power samples, we obtained best-fit parameters for well-established path loss models: the close-in free space reference distance (CI), floating-intercept (FI), and a newly proposed two-frequency extension of CI. In terms of physical basis and simplicity, the results show that this novel large-scale model outperforms the conventional CI and FI models, providing only 1.8 dB of root mean square model error (RMSE).