Abstract

The management of oil-contaminated water and wastewater in the oil industry remains a critical challenge due to its environmental and economic implications. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of separation and removal techniques for oil from water and wastewater. It gives an overview of the origins and compositions of oil in wastewater, including natural and anthropogenic sources, as well as variations in physical states such as free, emulsified, and dissolved oil. The review delves into various separation methods, ranging from traditional gravity-based techniques to advanced technologies like membranes and recent developments in wastewater treatment systems. Furthermore, it discusses the application of new technologies specifically designed for the unique challenges faced in Middle East oil fields. The manuscript explores factors influencing oil-water separation efficiency, including operating conditions, chemical additives, equipment design, and environmental considerations. Additionally, it highlights current aspects and future directions in oily wastewater treatment, emphasizing the need for sustainable and effective solutions in the oil industry.