Abstract

We explore the association between adulthood employment patterns and later life health among men and women We explore the association between adulthood employment patterns and later life health among men and women in four liberal regime countries: two from Europe (England and Switzerland) and two from the Americas (United in four liberal regime countries: two from Europe (England and Switzerland) and two from the Americas (United States and Chile). We carefully harmonized life-history data from the surveys SHARE (N = 1,143), HRS (N = States and Chile). We carefully harmonized life-history data from the surveys SHARE (N = 1,143), HRS (N = 4,006), ELSA (N = 3,083), and EVDA (N = 802). The samples included individuals born between 1944 and 1954, 4,006), ELSA (N = 3,083), and EVDA (N = 802). The samples included individuals born between 1944 and 1954, with information on employment histories from age 15 to 65 and on 11 health outcomes in later life. In line with with information on employment histories from age 15 to 65 and on 11 health outcomes in later life. In line with welfare regime and health literature, we find significant differences in health outcomes between countries, which welfare regime and health literature, we find significant differences in health outcomes between countries, which are likely explained by differences in health systems. However, we extend previous literature by showing that are likely explained by differences in health systems. However, we extend previous literature by showing that positive health outcomes are consistently explained by standard employment histories, and poor health outcomes positive health outcomes are consistently explained by standard employment histories, and poor health outcomes are consistently explained by non-standard employment histories. Importantly, men and women following the are consistently explained by non-standard employment histories. Importantly, men and women following the same employment pathway across countries are either similarly penalized or compensated in their health. This same employment pathway across countries are either similarly penalized or compensated in their health. This suggests that it is not gender per se that affects health in later life, but the employment trajectory experienced. suggests that it is not gender per se that affects health in later life, but the employment trajectory experienced. Nonetheless, women are disproportionately more likely to experience non-standard employment and thus suffer Nonetheless, women are disproportionately more likely to experience non-standard employment and thus suffer a greater health disadvantage. Policy measures to mitigate negative health effects of non-standard employment a greater health disadvantage. Policy measures to mitigate negative health effects of non-standard employment trajectories may therefore pay attention to the specific reasons why women are more likely to experience nontrajectories may therefore pay attention to the specific reasons why women are more likely to experience nonstandard trajectories. standard trajectories.