Abstract

Different forms of flexibility can help in balancing variable generation. This work focuses on industrial demand-side flexibility applied in copper production, which is expected to grow for the build-out of green technologies. This study assesses the potential of capacity-based energy demand flexibility (over-sizing production processes) in an industry embedded in fully renewable energy systems. For this, an optimization model for multi-vector energy systems planning is extended so that it also includes the sizing and operation of a production process. A case study is presented for copper production, with greenfield results until 2050. Results show that flexibility at the concentration and refining stages belongs to the cost-optimal system design, at least over the next decade. At current costs, the potential cost savings in the energy system for the production process through capacity-based demand flexibility range from 5 % to 12 %, depending on the technology scenario. These potential savings are expected to decrease over time if cost reductions of renewable energy supply and storage technologies materialize. Technology scenarios considering seawater pumped-hydro energy storage yield lower costs over the entire projected period. © 2024 The Authors