Abstract

Despite its fundamental role in volleyball, the impact of serving on game dynamics during elite competitions remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the differences in serve types, directions, and outcomes of the 2023 Pan American Games. Using a quantitative cross-sectional approach with a non-experimental descriptive design, we analyzed serve types, directions, and outcomes across multiple matches. Direct observation, supplemented with advanced video analysis software, facilitated accurate data collection using observational methodology. The results revealed that 81.716% of the servers were floating servers, and 18.284% were power servers. Zone 1 (38.806%) was the primary origin, followed by Zones 6 (33.022%) and 5 (27.985%). Regarding destinations, Zone 6 had the highest proportion of serves (41.231%). Significant differences in serving effectiveness emerged between teams (chi(2) = 50.318, p < 0.001), with 57.553% of receptions classified as in-system and 17.208% resulting in direct points. Power servers were associated with a higher immediate scoring rate (chi(2) = 8.532, p = 0.003) and a greater risk of errors. Although the origin of the serve showed no significant association with the direct-point probability, it influenced the serve direction (chi(2) = 33.985, p = 0.036). In conclusion, the results revealed statistically significant differences with respect to serve type. Power serves led to a higher proportion of in-system receptions compared to float serves, and produced more direct points, although both predominantly targeted the central zones (5 and 6). In contrast, the serve's origin (right, left, or center) did not significantly influence the scoring likelihood or reception outcomes, but it did affect the choice of serve destination. These findings underscore the strategic importance of serve type in maximizing offensive effectiveness.