Abstract

We analyzed publicly available optical spectra of PMN J0948+0022 obtained with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the X-shooter, and the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Initially, PMN J0948+0022 was classified as a jetted narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy, but X-shooter and MUSE observations, which have a better spectral resolution, revealed a different profile for the Hβ line: from a Lorentzian to a composite one (a combination of a broad and a narrow Gaussian), which is more typical of intermediate Seyfert galaxies. According to the unified model, intermediate Seyferts are viewed at larger angles. However, we show that, in this case, the composite line profile results from the interaction of the powerful relativistic jet with the narrow-line region. The jet transfers part of its kinetic energy to the narrow-line region, producing flux changes in the Hβ narrow component (a drop by a factor of 3.4 from SDSS to X-shooter), the [O III]λ5007 core component (which nearly doubled from X-shooter to MUSE), and its blue wing (Δv ∼ 200 km s−1), which we interpret as evidence of an outflow. We also recalculated the physical parameters of this AGN, obtaining a black hole mass of 107.8 M⊙ and an Eddington ratio of ∼0.21 (weighted mean). © The Authors 2025.