Abstract

Advancements in engineering fields regarding the Stefan blowing effects on Bingham fluids have captured significant attention from both scientists and industry. However, there is scarce literature on Bingham ternary nanofluids under radiation and porous media with mixed boundary conditions. This study examines the Stefan blowing effect and Schmidt number on bi-viscous Bingham ternary nanofluid. The main novelty in this work is the analytical study of the impact of radiation over such nanofluid flow (Cu, Ag, and TiO2 nanoparticles in sodium alginate) joint with the blowing effect, Schmidt numbers, and stretching/shrinking conditions. Results show that to increase the thermal radiation and Eckert number increased the temperature of the fluid flow, and when adding the ternary nanoparticles such effect was found to be strongly boosted. As the Eckert number increases, convection becomes more relevant, leading to an increase in temperature. Moreover, enhancing the volume fraction raises the temperature, enhancing the Schmidt number, which has strong relation to the temperature distribution of the nanofluid, Stefan blowing and concentration. Also, the Stefan blowing parameter was found to provide superior control over concentration in this ternary nanofluid, since the higher the blowing parameter, the more sensitive concentration is to the addition of the ternary nanoparticles.