Abstract

Following reanalysis of data from eight seismic networks that operated in the region surrounding the Pampean flat slab during the past several decades, we generated 3-D images of Vp, Vs and from a combination of arrival times of P and S waves from local earthquakes, and Rayleigh wave dispersion curves from both ambient noise and existing shear wave models. Among the robust features in these images is a low velocity, root-like structure that extends beneath the high Andes to a deflection in the flat slab, which suggests the presence of an overthickened Andean crust rather than a hypothesized continental lithospheric root. Most of the larger scale features observed in both the subducted Nazca plate and the overriding continental lithosphere are related to the intense seismic activity in and around the Juan Fernandez Ridge Seismic Zone (JFRSZ). ratios beneath, within and above the JFRSZ are generally lower (~1.65-1.68) than those in the surrounding Nazca and continental lithosphere (~1.74-1.80). While the higher continental lithosphere ratios are due to reduced Vs and likely a result of hydration, the lower JFRSZ related ratios are due to reduced Vp and can be explained by increased silica and CO2 originating from beneath the slab, perhaps in concert with supercritical fluid located within the fracture and fault networks associated with the JFR. These and related features such as a region of high Vp and Vs observed at the leading edge of the JFRSZ are consistent with a basal displacement model previously proposed for the Laramide flat-slab event, in which the eroded base of the continental lithosphere accumulates as a keel at the front end of the flat slab while compressional horizontal stresses cause it to buckle. An initial concave up bend in the slab facilitates the infiltration of silica and CO2-rich melts from beneath the slab in a manner analogous to petit spot volcanism, while a second, concave down bend, releases CO2 and supercritical fluid into the overlying continental lithosphere. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.