Abstract

This chapter explores the incorporation of cultural ecosystem services assessment and monitoring into human well-being assessment to enhance conservation policy outcomes. By examining distinct case studies-the well-developed Puget Sound region in the USA, and the emerging implementation of human well-being indicators in public protected areas in Chile-we illustrate the tangible benefits that cultural ecosystem services offer, as well as the ongoing obstacles they encounter in integration into conservation policy. Through these divergent case studies, we illustrate how the procedural aspects of identifying and applying cultural dimensions in well-being indicators can broaden policy assessments and facilitate decisions that encompass a wider array of societal needs. By carefully examining the intricacies and opportunities within this integration, our chapter contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on the role of cultural ecosystem services in promoting holistic and effective environmental policies. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Pamela D. McElwee, Karen E. Allen, Rachelle K. Gould, Minna Hsu and Jun He. All rights reserved.