Abstract

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global public health concern. In 2022, it was the third most common type of cancer worldwide, with 1.9 million cases, and approximately 900,000 deaths are projected for 2024. In Chile, cancer is the leading cause of death, and the incidence of CRC has been rising, particularly among individuals under 50 years of age. Although there is a genetic predisposition, a large proportion of cases is associated with modifiable risk factors. Objective: To contribute to the strengthening of scientific and clinical knowledge by facilitating the identification of prevention strategies aimed at improving decision-making in public health and clinical practice with the most recent evidence. Methodology: This narrative review synthesizes the available evidence on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, risk factors, and prevention of CRC. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO for studies published between 2019 and 2025, in English or Spanish. Results: In Chile, CRC ranks among the most frequent cancers. Key modifiable risk factors include obesity, type 2 diabetes, unhealthy diets (high in red/processed meats and low in fiber), sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations is associated with reduced CRC incidence and improved survival. However, most of the available evidence comes from high-income countries. Further research is needed in the Chilean population, especially among younger age groups, to design culturally relevant interventions. Conclusion: Promoting healthy lifestyles and addressing modifiable risk factors are key strategies to reduce CRC incidence and mortality.