Abstract

Rising atmospheric CO2 is expected to increase global temperatures and partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters, causing ocean warming and acidification. These changes may have important consequences for the physiological performance of early life-history stages of marine organisms. In this study we investigated the potential for interactive effects of ecologically relevant levels of temperature and pCO(2) on germination, dormancy and mortality of zoospores of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, a foundation species of temperate reef ecosystems. Newly settled kelp spores were cultured in the laboratory for seven days in a factorial design with temperature (13 degrees C and 18 degrees C) and pCO(2) (similar to 370 and similar to 1800 mu atm) as experimental factors. The two levels of temperature and the low-pCO(2) treatment in our design were consistent with present-day environmental conditions in the kelp forest as measured by autonomous temperature and pH sensors, while the high-pCO(2) treatment reflects an extreme, future acidification scenario. Our results revealed that the combined effects of increased temperature and pCO(2) can significantly decrease germination rates and increase the mortality of kelp spores. Interactive effects of temperature and pCO(2) were detected,on spore mortality and dormancy. Spore mortality only differed between pCO(2) treatments at high temperature. In contrast, spore dormancy was higher in the treatment with low temperature and high pCO(2), which is similar to the environmental conditions experienced during upwelling events in southern California. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple stressors to understand how the early-stages of foundation species such as M pyrifera will be affected by global change. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.