Abstract

We combine petrological and InSAR observations to probe the origin of deformation of Cordon Caulle volcano in Southern Chile before and during the 2011-2012 eruption. The erupted rhyodacite is crystal-poor and was stored at about 900 degrees C with ca. 4 wt% H(2)0 and 220 ppm CO2 in the melt, corresponding to a storage depth of about 6-7 km. In addition to a previously documented 2007-2008 deformation episode, we find three pre-eruptive deformation episodes: the first between 2008 and 2009 that covers similar to 400 km(2) with a maximum uplift of 18.5 cm, the second between February and March 2010 that covers similar to 20 km(2) with a maximum uplift of 10 cm, and the third between March and May 2011 that covers similar to 40 km(2) with a maximum uplift of 6 cm. Modeling of the 2008-2009 deformation episode suggests source depths of about 5-9 km, consistent with the petrologically determined magma storage depth. The sum of modeled source volume changes from 2007 to 2009 is about 12 times smaller than the observed erupted volume. Our calculation of magma compressibility shows that there must have been a significant volume of pre-existing magma in the reservoir to account for this difference. Co-eruptive subsidence shows evidence for three distinct magma sources, and pre-eruptive inflation is seen at two of the three sources. Modeled deformation sources are located 2-10 km from the 2011-2012 eruptive vent and coincide with the vents from previous historical eruptions (1921-22,1960) and with the neighboring Puyehue volcano. This implies the existence of an interconnected magma plumbing system that allows for pressure transfer and which covers an area of at least 20 km2. Thus, the deformation and geochemical characteristics of Cordon Caulle resemble those of a large silicic caldera system. The presence of a mafic crystal clot demonstrates the existence of basaltic melts in the silicic reservoir, but we find that the mafic magmas reached the reservoir at least several hundred years before eruption. Therefore, if the pre-eruptive deformation was caused by replenishment to a shallow reservoir, the new magma was silicic and similar to the pre-existing magma, and/or there was no interaction between the two. We find that pre-eruptive deformation can occur in pulses and reach its peak years before eruption, and thus lack of deformation does not necessarily imply that eruption is not imminent. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,