Abstract

We studied the input of ammonium coming from the dissolution of food pellets commonly used in salmon farming as well as its potential for mineralization via ammonification and ammonium oxidation by natural bacterioplankton communities. Through experiments in central and southern Chile, we evaluated the potential for photo- and bio-ammonification of food pellets in surface and subsurface waters (30 m depth) using irradiated (PAR + UV; IPS) and non-irradiated dissolved-pellet solutions (NIPS). Ammonium release was observed in both IPS and NIPS treatments and occurred at short time scales (<2 hr). Experiments in southern Chile during late winter showed high rates of pellet ammonium release in surface waters (up to 3.8 mu mol L-1 min(-1)) compared with deeper samples (30 m depth). In contrast, in spring higher rates were observed at 30 m depth and reached up to 45 mu mol L-1 min(-1) while in surface waters they accounted for 9 mu mol L-1 min(-1). Ammonium oxidizing bacteria and archaea showed seasonal variability, but archaea were detected in all experiments reaching high potential activity, based in RT-qPCR of functional genes expression copy numbers, in IPS treatments during the winter season in Chiloe. Overall, our results indicate that food pellets can be a source of ammonium, which can exceed by two orders of magnitude the average natural concentrations commonly found in the euphotic layer in coastal environments. The ammonium enrichment from dissolved pellet solutions was rapidly consumed by microbial communities including nitrifying assemblages. This has implications for the evaluation of aquaculture nutrient input and its recycling in the water column in areas highly impacted by climate change and aquaculture pressure.