Abstract

The steps involved in kaurenolide and fujenoic acids biosynthesis, from ent-kauradienoic acid and ent-6?,7?-dihydroxykaurenoic acid, respectively, are demonstrated in the gibberellin (GA)-deficient Gibberella fujikuroi mutant SG139, which lacks the entire GA-biosynthesis gene cluster, complemented with the P450-1 gene of GA biosynthesis (SG139-P450-1). ent-[ 2H]Kauradienoic acid was efficiently converted into 7?-hydroxy[2H]kaurenolide and 7?,18-dihydroxy[ 2H]kaurenolide by the cultures while 7?-hydroxy[ 2H]kaurenolide was transformed into 7?,18-dihydroxy[ 2H]kaurenolide. The limiting step was found to be hydroxylation at C-18. In addition, SG139-P450-1 transformed ent-6?,7?- dihydroxy[14C4]kaurenoic acid into [14C 4]fujenoic acid and [14C4]fujenoic triacid. Fujenal was also converted into the same products but was demonstrated not to be an intermediate in this sequence. All the above reactions were absent in the mutant SG139 and were suppressed in the wild-type strain ACC917 by disruption of the P450-1 gene. Kaurenolide and fujenoic acids synthesis were associated with the microsomal fraction and showed an absolute requirement for NADPH or NADH, all properties of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Only 7?-hydroxy[ 14C4]kaurenolide synthesis and not further 18-hydroxylation was detected in the microsomal fraction. The substrates for the P450-1 monooxygenase, ent-kaurenoic acid and [2H]GA12, efficiently inhibited kaurenolide synthesis with I50 values of 3 and 6 ?M, respectively. Both substrates also inhibited ent-6?,7?- dihydroxy[14C4]kaurenoic acid metabolism by SG139-P450-1. Conversely, [14C4]GA14 synthesis from [ 14C4]GA12-aldehyde was inhibited by ent-[ 2H]kauradienoic acid and fujenal with I50 values of 10 and 30 ?M, respectively. These results demonstrate that kaurenolides and seco-ring B kaurenoids are formed by the P450-1 monooxygenase (GA14 synthase) of G. fujikuroi and are thus side products that probably result from stabilization of radical intermediates involved in GA14 synthesis. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.