Abstract

Forests provide critical ecosystem services (ES) to human well-being, where many are more valued (provisioning) than others (regulating or supporting). Temperate regions presented several forests affected by humans, mainly over ES and biodiversity. Here, we focus on Nothofagus forests analysing potential trade-offs between ES and biodiversity, and how new silviculture (silvopastoral and variable retention harvesting) allowed the multi-objectives management at landscape level. The delivery of ES showed changes with forest type, where mixed evergreen forests presented lower trade-offs than N. pumilio forests, where provisioning (timberproduction) affect biodiversity and other ES in managed stands. Finally, N. antarctica is the most threatened forest type, presenting several trade-offs between ES and biodiversity, due to occurred in private lands and are poorly represented in protected areas. Future proposals (land-sharing) allowed to decrease trade-offs and promote positive synergies among the ES provision, generating more resilient alternatives that can mitigate the climate change potential effects.