Abstract

The development of the human central nervous system is modulated by physical activity. This article highlights the impact that physical activity has on brain development and learning during childhood and adolescence. During these stages “critical windows of neuroplasticity” are observed in which the experiences have a profound impact on the brain, modulating learning and the acquisition of habits. By reinforcing motor skills in these stages, children and adolescents have greater opportunities to explore and, therefore, to learn; which allows activating a number of interactions that also enhance psychological development. Research shows that the practice of physical activity optimises brain circulation and oxygenation, allows a greater activity of certain brain areas, improves working memory function and cognitive control, increases bone and muscle density and improves stress tolerance in schoolchildren. In addition, it has been shown that endogenous opioids regulate the learning when facing social threats. The practice of physical activity during childhood and adolescence contributes to the maintenance of a healthy state through a positive impact on emotional and cognitive functions of the human being. This is the reason why physical activity in the form of sports, practised in a regular and systematic way from pre-school and school age, should be promoted by the entire educational community.