Abstract

Transport electrification is one of the most attractive solutions for the decarbonisation of light-duty European transport. However, the environmental evaluation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) presents challenges as the precise footprint depends on complex factors such as driving and charging behaviour and the source of the electricity used to recharge the PEVs. In this paper, an integrated modelling approach is developed to assess the environmental impact of different PEV charging strategies using an agent-based simulation combined with a life-cycle assessment and a multi-objective optimisation taking environmental and economic indicators into account. This integrated approach is presented and tested using a case study in London.