Abstract

From mobile hunter-gatherers to a series of state societies, Mediterranean climate regions (MED) around the world have been critical areas for human and biological evolution for millennia. Comprised of five regions on six continents, the MED are important today for human settlement, global food production, transportation, industry, and tourism, but these regions are also extremely vulnerable to projected changes in their typically temperate climate towards more extreme conditions. Researchers and strategists are exploring the implications of these changes for present and future societies, but there has been limited comparative synthesis of past human responses to environmental and climatic change in the global MED and how these data may help prepare and plan for projected changes in the future. This review synthesizes archaeological and paleoenvironmental data, focusing on key demographic, social, economic, and cultural developments that occurred alongside and often in response to past climate and environmental disruption. Past climatic change influenced broader socio-environmental systems, in some cases acting as a driver of population collapse, large-scale abandonment, migration, and sociopolitical upheaval. These deep time data illustrate the importance of understanding Pleistocene Holocene human-environmental interactions, land use, and climate change to help evaluate and plan for contemporary and projected environmental change. Published by Elsevier Ltd.