Abstract

A critical review of rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) is presented. This review reports the principles of RDSE regarding fundamentals, evolution and applications. RDSE is based on the extraction equilibrium between a sorptive phase and an aqueous phase that are in continuous contact and movement during extraction. The main advantage of this technique is the high mass transfer between the phases, which is achieved by the ability to reach high rotational velocities without tearing the extraction device. In addition, the great versatility of RDSE in the study of hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes is evidenced considering the ease of immobilization of different sorptive phases in both laminar and particulate forms. RDSE is mainly coupled to chromatography; however, combination with spectroscopic techniques is also possible, allowing for measurements directly on the phase. Furthermore, automation through continuous flow systems has also been implemented in RDSE and in bioavailability studies. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.