Abstract

Recent reports indicate that gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are contributing to significant losses in deer productivity and that anthelmintic resistance has become an issue of concern for deer farmers in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to evaluate cross-grazing of deer with sheep or cattle as an aid for control of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode parasites of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand. This was a field study replicated over two years (2012 and 2013) for 16 weeks each year at two locations (Massey University, Palmerston North and Invermay AgResearch Centre, Mosgiel). Each farm replicate included four groups (19-20 deer) at each location: red deer cross-grazing with cattle (Deer/Cattle); red deer cross-grazing with sheep (Deer/Sheep); red deer grazing on their own (DeerOwn); and red deer grazing on their own and treated with anthelmintics every two weeks to suppress worm burdens, as a positive control (DeerSup). The key outcome was the number of anthelmintic treatments (AT) given to deer. The decision to treat individual resident deer in Deer/ Cattle, Deer/Sheep and DeerOwn groups was based on "trigger" criteria including faecal egg count (FEC)>= 250 eggs/g or Dictyocaulus faecal larval count (FLC)>= 100 larvae/g or when growth rate was less than 80 % of the mean of the DeerSup group in the previous two weeks. In addition, to quantify the species of parasites cycling in each group, sets of three "tracer" deer were introduced to graze with each group at the mid-point and again at the end of each 16 week period in both years at both locations. Least squares means (LSM) of the number of AT given per animal for Deer/Sheep (3.4) and DeerOwn (3.3) groups were significantly higher than for the Deer/Cattle (2.7) group (p 0.001). In tracer animals, the LSM of abomasal Trichostrongylus spp. were significantly fewer in the DeerOwn (17), Deer/Cattle (37) and DeerSup (54) groups than in the Deer/Sheep (952; p 0.001) group. The LSM of the nematodes in the subfamily Ostertagiinae (=Ostertagia-type) were significantly more in the DeerOwn (1950) than in Deer/Sheep (370; p = 0.003) and DeerSup (238; p 0.001) groups, but the number in the Deer/Cattle group (689) was not different to DeerOwn (p> 0.05). The LSM of lungworm were fewer in Deer/Sheep (3), Deer/Cattle (4) and DeerSup (3; p 0.001) groups than in DeerOwn (40) group. The Deer/Cattle and DeerSup groups had significantly higher LSM of liveweight gain over the 16 weeks (p 0.001) than the other two groups. This study demonstrated that cross-grazing with either sheep or cattle aided control of lungworm and gastrointestinal nematodes in young deer during autumn. However, the advantages varied between the use of sheep or cattle and in the ability to control different species of parasites.