Abstract

The ongoing pandemic due to coronavirus disease, commonly abbreviated as COVID-19, has unleashed a major health crisis across the world. Although multiple vaccines have emerged, large scale vaccination have proven to be a major challenge, especially in developing nations. As a result, early detection still remains a crucial aspect of containing the spread of the virus. The popularly used test for COVID-19 is limited by the availability of test kits and is time-consuming. This has prompted researchers to use chest x-ray (CXR) and chest tomography (CT) scan images of subjects to predict COVID. Many COVID-19 patients also suffer from viral Pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV2 virus. Hence, distinguishing between bacterial and non-COVID Pneumonia is of paramount importance for proper diagnosis of the patients. To this end, in the present work, we have developed a bi-level prediction model of the subjects into normal, Pneumonia and COVID-19 patients by using a shallow learner based classifier on features extracted by VGG19 from the CXR images. The model is used on 3168 images distributed among normal, Pneumonia and COVID classes. We have created a dataset by collating CXR images from various sources like SIRM COVID-19 Database, Chest Imaging (Twitter), COVID-chestxray-dataset and Chest X-Ray Images. The experimental results confirm the superiority of the proposed model (99.26% accuracy) over the best performing single level classification method (96.74% accuracy). This result is also at par with the many state-of-the-art methods mentioned in literature. The source code is available in the link https://github .com/sdrxc/Bilevel-Prediction-Model-for-Screening-COVID-19 -from-Chest-X-ray-Images. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.