Abstract

The effect of mutualists (i.e. pollinators) and antagonists (i.e. herbivores) can have non-additive effects on plant fitness. This is often interpreted as evidence for correlated evolution on a suite of traits leading to an increase and decrease of the interaction of plants with mutualists and antagonists, respectively. This situation has been found to prevail in plants that have large floral and fruit displays but are not limited by pollinators for seed set. We suggest the alternative hypothesis, where plants limited by pollinators for seed set (e.g. deceit-pollinated plants) exhibit additive effects of pollinators and herbivores on fitness (i.e. noncorrelated evolution). Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we tested this hypothesis by solely and simultaneously evaluating the effects of pollinators and the single herbivore, Battus polydamas archidamas, on female reproductive success of Aristolochia chilensis. Plants exposed to herbivores presented 2.6-fold greater herbivory than plants that excluded them. In addition, plants exposed to pollinators showed strong limitation by pollinators for seed set compared with other plants of the genus Aristolochia. However, only pollinators had a significant effect on fruit and seed set because plants that excluded them did not set fruits or seeds. Furthermore, herbivores and pollinators exerted additive effects on fruit and seed production. Collectively, these results indicate that herbivore- and pollinator-linked traits in A. chilensis exhibit noncorrelated evolution. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London.