Abstract

Heterosigma akashiwo is the only raphidophyte described for Chilean waters. A recent 2021 fish-killing bloom event of this raphidophyte ignited scientific research, but the ichthyotoxic mechanism and environmental conditions that promote its growth are still unclear. This is the first study confirming the occurrence of H. akashiwo in Chilean waters on the basis of the region D1/D2 of the 28S ribosomal gene. The pigment signature of the CREAN_HA03 strain revealed chlorophyll-a, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin as the most abundant pigments, but profiles were variable depending on culture and field conditions. A factorial temperature-salinity growth experiment showed a maximal growth rate of 0.48 d(-1) at 17 degrees C and 35 in salinity, but reached a maximal cell abundance of similar to 50,000 cells mL(-1) at 12 degrees C and 25 in salinity. The fatty acid profile included high levels of saturated (16:0) and polyunsaturated (18:4 omega 3; 20:5 omega 3) fatty acids, but superoxide production in this strain was low (similar to 0.3 pmol O2- cell(-1) h(-1)). The RTgill-W1 bioassay showed that the H. akashiwo strain was cytotoxic only at high cell concentrations (>47,000 cells mL(-1)) and after cell rupture. In conclusion, salmon mortality during H. akashiwo bloom events in Patagonian fjords is likely explained by the high production of long-chain PUFAs at high cell densities, but only in the presence of high ROS production.