Abstract

Inducible defenses influence the dynamics of both the prey exhibiting the response and its predator, but it could affect indirectly other populations in the community. Earlier studies concerned with population dynamics of species exhibiting inducible defenses mostly considered simple one-prey-one-predator systems. In this work we analyze the dynamics of a system with a single prey exhibiting inducible defenses, and two predators. Particularly, we show the long-term stability of the systems as a function of effectiveness and costs of inducible defenses. Eight specific model systems are numerically studied, representing a set of biologically plausible interactions. The models are parameterized from published experimental information. Our results indicate that inducible defenses and costs favor system stability. The specificity of the defensive response increases coexistence probability. Complex dynamics, including coexistence of two and three attractors, emerge when two induced defensive traits operate simultaneously. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.