Abstract

The dairy industry is a sector whose primary raw material is milk derived from animals (typically cows, goats, and sheep) [1]. Wastewater generation in the dairy industry results from various processes, such as equipment cleaning, utensil washing, and separating liquid and solid components in dairy production [2]. These wastewater effluents could contain many contaminants, including fats, proteins, lactose, and chemical compounds used in cleaning and disinfection processes [3]. Organic pollutants, such as fats and proteins, can deplete oxygen in receiving water bodies when discharged without proper treatment, resulting in the death of aquatic organisms and disruption of local aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, some chemical compounds used in cleaning and disinfection processes can be toxic to aquatic organisms and pose risks to human health if people consume this contaminated water. Therefore, it is crucial to implement efficient wastewater treatment systems in dairy plants. These systems may involve physical, chemical, and biological processes that allow for the removal or significant reduction of contaminants present in wastewater, thus ensuring the protection of the environment and public health.