Abstract

Nanostructured TiO2-ZrO2 thin films and powders were prepared by a straightforward aqueous particulate sol-gel route. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide and zirconium (IV) acetate hydrate were used as precursors, and hydroxypropyl cellulose was used as a polymeric fugitive agent in order to increase the specific surface area. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the powder were crystallised at the low temperature of 500 degrees C, containing anatase-TiO2 and tetragonal-ZrO2 phases. Furthermore, it was found that ZrO2 retarded the anatase-to-rutile transformation up to 900 degrees C. The activation energies for crystallite growth of TiO2 and ZrO2 components in the binary system were calculated 10.16 and 3.12 kJ/mol, respectively. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image showed that one of the smallest crystallite sizes was obtained for TiO2-ZrO2 binary mixed oxide, being 5 nm at 500 degrees C. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis revealed that the deposited thin films had nanostructured morphology with the average grain size of 20 nm at 500 degrees C and 36 nm at 900 degrees C. Thin films produced under optimised conditions showed excellent microstructural properties for gas sensing applications. They exhibited a remarkable response towards low concentrations of CO and NO2 gases at low operating temperature of 150 degrees C, resulted in an increase of thermal stability of sensing films as well as a decrease in the power consumption. Furthermore, calibration curves revealed that TiO2-ZrO2 sensor follows the power law, S = A[gas](B) (where S is sensor response, coefficients A and B are constants and [gas] is gas concentration) for the two types of gases, and it has excellent capability for the detection of low gas concentrations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.