Abstract

Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a phenomenon frequently observed in multiple cancers. Ras-association domain family 1 isoform A (RASSF1A) is a well-characterized tumor suppressor that belongs to the Ras-association domain family. Several studies have demonstrated that hypermethylation of the RASSF1A promoter is frequently observed in lung, prostate, and breast cancers. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a phytochemical abundant in cruciferous vegetables, possesses chemopreventive activities; however, its potential involvement in epigenetic mechanisms remains elusive. The present study aimed to examine the role of PEITC in the epigenetic reactivation of RASSFIA and the induction of apoptosis in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were treated for 5 days with 0.01% DMSO, 2.5 or 5 mu M PETIC or 2.5 mu M azadeoxycytidine (5-Aza) with 0.5 mu M trichostatin A (TSA). We evaluated the effects of these treatments on CpG demethylation using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). CpG demethylation was significantly enhanced in cells treated with 5 mu M PEITC and 5-Aza +TSA; therefore, the latter treatment was used as a positive control in subsequent experiments. The decrease in RASSFIA promoter methylation correlated with an increase in expression of the RASSFIA gene in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm that promoter demethylation was mediated by DNA methyl-transferases (DNMTs), we analyzed the expression levels of DNMTs and histone deacetylases (HDACs) at the gene and protein levels. PEITC reduced DNMT1, 3A and 3B protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, and 5 mu M PEITC significantly reduced DNMT3A and 3B protein levels. HDAC1, 2, 4 and 6 protein expression was also inhibited by 5 mu M PEITC. The combination of 5-Aza and TSA, a DNMT inhibitor and a HDAC inhibitor, respectively, was used as a positive control as this treatment significantly inhibited both HDACs and DNMTs. The function of RASSFIA reactivation in promoting apoptosis and inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest was analyzed using flow-cytometry analysis with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Growth inhibition effect on LNCaP cells were investigated by colony formation assay. In addition, we analyzed p21, caspase-3 and 7, Bax, and Cyclin B1 protein levels. Flow-cytometry analysis of cells stained with PI alone demonstrated that 5 mu M PEITC promotes early apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Flow-cytometry analysis of cells stained with Annexin V and PI also demonstrated an increased proportion of cells in early apoptosis in cells treated with 5 mu M PEITC or 5-Aza with TSA. PEITC and efficiently inhibit colony numbers and total area. In addition, 5 mu M PEITC significantly enhanced p21, caspase-3, 7 and Bax levels and reduced Cyclin B1 expression compared with the control group. Collectively, the results of our study suggest that PEITC induces apoptosis in LNCaP cells potentially by reactivating RASSF1A via epigenetic mechanisms. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.