Abstract

We present here a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Acetobacteraceae, a vast group of alphaproteobacteria that has been widely studied for their economic importance. Our results indicate that the ancestor of Acetobacteraceae most likely was photosynthetic and evolved via a progressive transition from versatile photoferrotrophy to the incomplete oxidation of organic substrates defining acetous physiology. Vestigial signs of photosynthetic carotenoid metabolism are present in non-photosynthetic acetous taxa that have lost cytochrome oxidase, while their sister taxa retain such traits. The dominant terminal oxidase of acetous bacteria, the bo(3) ubiquinol oxidase, is derived from duplication and diversification of operons present in Acidocella taxa that have lost photosynthesis. We analyzed the bioenergetic traits that can compensate for the electron transfer function of photosynthetic reaction centers or constitute alternative pathways for the oxidoreduction of c-type cytochromes, such as iron oxidation. The latter pathway bypasses the deranged cytochrome bc(1) complex that is characteristically present in acidophilic taxa due to the loss of conserved ligands in both the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and cytochrome b subunit. The deranged or non-functional bc(1) complex may be retained for its structural role in stabilizing Complex I. The combination of our phylogenetic analysis with in-depth functional evaluations indicates that the order Acetobacterales needs to be emended to include three families: Acetobacteraceae sensu stricto, Roseomonadaceae fam. nov., and Acidocellaceae fam. nov.