Abstract

Metamorphic proteins are a paradigm of the protein folding process, by encoding two or more native states, highly dissimilar in terms of their secondary, tertiary, and even quaternary structure, on a single amino acid sequence. Moreover, these proteins structurally interconvert between these native states in a reversible manner at biologically relevant timescales as a result of different environmental cues. The large-scale rearrangements experienced by these proteins, and their sometimes high mass interacting partners that trigger their metamorphosis, makes the computational and experimental study of their structural interconversion challenging. Here, we present our efforts in studying the refolding landscapes of two quintessential metamorphic proteins, RfaH and KaiB, using simplified dual-basin structure-based models (SBMs), rigorously footed on the energy landscape theory of protein folding and the principle of minimal frustration. By using coarse-grained models in which the native contacts and bonded interactions extracted from the available experimental structures of the two native states of RfaH and KaiB are merged into a single Hamiltonian, dual-basin SBM models can be generated and savvily calibrated to explore their fold-switch in a reversible manner in molecular dynamics simulations. We also describe how some of the insights offered by these simulations have driven the design of experiments and the validation of the conformational ensembles and refolding routes observed using this simple and computationally efficient models.