Abstract

Introduction: although there is consensus that physical activity plays a fundamental role in successful aging, it is necessary to investigate the real impact it has on the brain. Aim: the aim of this study is to identify the effects of physical activity on healthy brain aging by analyzing the structural and/or functional changes it may generate in the brain. In addition, we aim to determine whether regular participation in physical activity throughout life is a predictor of healthy brain aging. Methods: a systematic review was conducted in three databases: Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, following PRISMA-P guidelines. Articles published between 2010 and 2023 were included. Experimental, quasi-experimental, clinical trials and cohort studies were considered. Results: a total of 63 articles were identified, of which 17 were included in the analysis. Of these, 14 reported significant effects of physical activity on healthy brain aging, of which 11 evidenced structural, 2 functional, and 1 mixed benefits. In addition, 13 articles demonstrated that participating in physical activity across the lifespan supports cognitive aging. Conclusions: engaging in physical activity throughout life leads to structural and/or functional benefits in the brain during old age, which are related to better cognitive performance. Furthermore, it is suggested that regular participation in physical activity may be a predictor of healthy brain aging. However, controversy persists as to the type, duration and intensity of physical activity that meets the conditions necessary to promote optimal cognitive aging and that can be used as a standard measure for the promotion of healthy brain aging.