Abstract

This study investigates the exposure of the Chilean population to heavy metals, specifically arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium, using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey (NHS). Chronic exposure to these metals poses significant health risks, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological effects. Aim: The study aims to analyze metal levels across different demographics and identify factors associated with elevated exposure. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using NHS data, which includes metal levels in blood and urine, alongside demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle information. The sample consisted of 3.600 participants aged 18 and older. Metal levels were measured using mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses, including quantile and logistic regression, were performed to assess the impact of various covariates on metal levels. Results: The study found that 91.04% of the population had arsenic levels below the reference value of 35 μg/L, while 8.45% had levels between 35 and 100 μg/L, and 0.51% exceeded 100 μg/L. Elevated arsenic levels were associated with younger age, male sex, rural residence, northern macrozone, and high fish consumption. Lead, mercury, and cadmium levels were generally within limits, with notable variations based on age, sex, and geographic region. Conclusion: The findings highlight significant arsenic exposure in certain demographics, necessitating targeted public health interventions. While lead, mercury, and cadmium levels are mostly within limits, ongoing biomonitoring and public awareness are crucial to mitigate health risks. The study underscores the importance of tailored policies to reduce metal exposure and protect vulnerable populations in Chile.