Abstract

In this work, a novel and sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for the simultaneous determination of low concentration levels of Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Bisphenol-S (BPS) in a secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and surface water. The sensor design involved the utilization of a glassy carbon electrode that was modified with hybrid iron nanoparticles and a nanostructure of graphene oxide. The synthesized material displayed a stable heterostructure, facilitating efficient electronic transfer and exhibiting impressive electrocatalytic capacity. Furthermore, the sensor successfully detected anodic signals of BPA and BPS with a peak separation of 0.28 V, confirming its excellent performance. For method optimization, a chemometric tool based on a Central Composite Face (CCF) design response surface was employed. The optimized conditions yielded an analytical curve with a linear range of 15.0 to 120.0 µmol L?1 for BPA, represented by the equation Iap (µA)= -0.088 + 0.044 (µA L µmol?1) [cBPA], and 20.0 to 70.0 µmol L?1 for BPS, represented by the equation Iap (µA)= -0.367 + 0.025 (µA L µmol?1) [cBPS]. The detection and quantification limits for BPA were established at 12.05 and 36.51 µmol L?1, respectively. Similarly, for BPS, the corresponding values were determined to be 11.63 and 35.24 µmol L?1. The electrochemical method developed was validated by comparing it with the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) technique. Notably, the electrochemical method demonstrated to be successful in the simultaneous detection and quantification of BPA and BPS in a secondary effluent and surface water. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd