Abstract

This review focuses on the issue of metal antagonism in soils contaminated by multiple metals as a result of industrial emissions. Building upon previous findings in aquatic ecosystems, the potential of zinc to mitigate copper toxicity in more complex soil systems is explored. A range of studies investigating the role of zinc in reducing copper toxicity to plants and microorganisms in soils contaminated by copper mining in central Chile are examined. The mechanisms underlying metal interactions in soils, including the terrestrial biotic ligand model and the intensity/capacity/quantity concept, are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the review underscores the pressing need for future studies to enhance our understanding and develop effective strategies for mitigating copper toxicity in industrially contaminated soils.