Abstract

Modern astronomical potentials modelling galaxies or stellar systems can be rather involved, and deriving their first derivatives (accelerations) and second derivatives (variational equations) in order to compute orbits and their chaoticity may be a formidable task. We present here a fully automated routine, dubbed SMART, with which the accelerations and the variational equations of an arbitrary potential that has been written in the FORTRAN (77) language can be computed. Almost any FORTRAN (77) statement is admitted in the potential, and the output are standard FORTRAN (77) routines ready to use. We validate our algorithm with a set of potentials including time-dependent, velocity-dependent and very complex potentials that even involve auxiliary routines. We also describe with some detail a realistic seven-component Galactic potential, MILKYWAYHYDRA, which yields very involved derivatives, thus being a good test bed for SMART. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.