Abstract

(Formula presented.) (VLC) is an emerging technology that offers an alternative to traditional wireless communications systems. However, the technology presents limitations related to the impact of the receiver’s orientation, which can significantly impact its performance. To address this issue, VLC systems use diversity schemes, such as transmitter and receiver diversity. In this paper, we derive an analytical expression for the probability of maintaining a line-of-sight (LoS) link in an underground mining visible light communication (UM-VLC) system with a receiver embedded in an object, such as a helmet, by considering user mobility. We show that the angle of incidence depends on the distance from the source and derive the probability accordingly for single-input single-output (SISO), multiple-input single-output (MISO), and single-input multiple-output cases (SIMO). Our results show that the analytical results fit with the simulated results. Furthermore, the resulting probabilities show that the angular position of the receiver significantly affects the channel’s quality, with the optimal position dependent on the field-of-view characteristics. These findings can provide an appropriate framework for receiver and transmitter diversity design through analytical expression. © 2025 by the authors.