Abstract

Human–predator coexistence is a complex and dynamic relationship influenced by a variety of social–ecological factors. Recognising conflict as an inherent aspect of coexistence, rather than merely a problem to be solved, is crucial. This literature review examines how a range of factors contributes to human coexistence with predators. A systematic review of 76 peer-reviewed articles from 33 countries provides valuable insights into the complexities associated with these factors across different contexts. Collaboration among social actors is crucial for addressing cultural tensions, increasing trust in state agencies and reaching agreements for coexistence practices. While material benefits (e.g. ecotourism, financial compensation) are often emphasised, relational and intrinsic values, emotions and meaningful personal experiences play an even greater role in fostering coexistence. Acknowledgment of positive predator attributes, mutual benefits, cultural significance and deep human–wildlife connections may help shape perceptions of predators in a culturally informed manner. Further appropriate and respectful cross-cultural research that amplifies Indigenous voices and knowledge is essential for understanding the nuances of human–predator interactions across diverse socio-economic and ecological contexts. Comprehensive management to improve human–predator relationships needs to consider ecological contexts alongside the cultural norms and priorities of local communities. This approach will enable legitimate, situated and long-term coexistence practices and solutions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. © 2025 The Author(s). People and Nature published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.