Abstract

On April 22, 2015, the Calbuco volcano eruption started and finished with a second larger eruption after 5.5 hours. It was considered as second order of the most highly risk in Chile. It was one of the most investigated eruptions because of its high explosiveness, as well as its rapid and unexpected onset. The precursor of pre-eruptive activity consisted of a slight increase in seismicity from February 2015, and a seismic swarm that started ~3 hours before the first eruption. The InSAR interferograms provided surface deformation signal ~12 cm of co-eruptive subsidence. Due to this subsidence, it could be possible to detect 0.5 Total Electron Content (TEC) unit and 0.2 TECU perturbation in the ionosphere in the first and second eruption, respectively. This chapter will provide the procedure for designing the near real-time warning and mitigation system by the remote detection of ionospheric changes with GNSS data, due to the volcanic eruption.