Abstract

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC) represents a paradigm shift in computational science, enabling unprecedented scientific breakthroughs. This comprehensive review examines the architectural foundations, enabling technologies, and emerging applications of AI-enhanced supercomputing centers, with specific focus on Latin American implementations. We analyze the current landscape of global HPC-AI systems, including the three exascale machines (El Capitan, Frontier, Aurora) and evaluate the regional infrastructure gap. Our proposal identifies critical challenges including energy efficiency, human capital development, and technological sovereignty. We propose strategic recommendations for sustainable HPC-AI ecosystem development in the region, emphasizing the transformative potential for climate modeling, genomics, and astronomical research. This work provides a roadmap for policy makers and research institutions to advance computational sovereignty in Latin America.